Do constitutions protect against discrimination in education based on ethnicity?

This map tells us whether a country’s constitution includes provisions to protect citizens against discrimination in education based on their ethnicity.

More information:

• Prohibition of discrimination in education refers to a general protection against discrimination in education (e.g. “No one may be discriminated against in education on the basis of ethnicity”).
• No means that the constitution does not explicitly mention protection against discrimination in education based on ethnicity. This does not mean that the constitution denies this right, but that it does not explicitly include it.
• General protection means that a country’s constitution protects citizens against discrimination in education, but not specifically on the basis of ethnicity.
• Aspirational means that the constitution protects against discrimination in education based on ethnicity but does not use language strong enough to be considered a guarantee. For example, constitutions in this category might state that the country aims to protect against discrimination in education based on ethnicity.
• Guaranteed with exceptions includes cases where the constitution protects against discrimination in education based on ethnicity, but allows this protection to be curtailed in certain circumstances. For example, a constitution may have a provision allowing laws to restrict certain rights, including the right to nondiscrimination, in order to achieve the fundamental principles to which the constitution aspires.
• Guaranteed means that the constitution protects against discrimination in education based on ethnicity in authoritative language. For example, constitutions in this category might guarantee protection against discrimination in education based on ethnicity or make it the State’s responsibility to ensure this right.
• On mouseover on the map, a note may appear for some countries which indicates “potential positive action”. This is a measure or measures that may be taken to compensate for past discrimination or current inequalities on the basis of ethnicity. Positive action can be framed in guaranteed terms (e.g., “the State shall adopt measures of affirmative action in education for ethnic minorities”) or in terms that leave open the possibility for positive action (e.g., “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from taking measures to promote the education of ethnic minorities, in order to address past discrimination against them”).